SAP SE (SAP)

Market price: $236.93

5 valuation methods

How each method works

P / E: $86.06 to $334.66 (midpoint $156.40)

Values the stock at a peer multiple of its earnings per share — the most familiar gauge for steadily profitable companies.

How it’s calculated
We take the company's net earnings per share over the last twelve months and multiply them by the range of price-to-earnings (P/E) multiples its peers trade at.
Why it fits this industry
For steadily profitable companies, earnings are the bottom line an owner is entitled to — P/E is the most familiar way to ask what the market pays for a dollar of profit.
Reading this bar
The bar is the per-share value range this method implies: a conservative low, a central estimate, and an optimistic high. If the current price sits below the bar, the market is pricing the shares below what this method's inputs suggest; if it sits above, the market is pricing them higher. No single bar is a verdict — methods disagree for good reasons, so read the whole field together. One unusually strong or weak year can swing a P/E — the inputs panel shows the earnings the bar is built on.

P / E = (13.07/23.74/50.81)× eps 6.59 ≈ 86.06/156.40/334.66 (per_share)

EV / EBITDA: $98.07 to $338.58 (midpoint $173.52)

Values the whole business at a peer multiple of its cash operating earnings (EBITDA) — the workhorse comparison for capital-intensive, profitable companies.

How it’s calculated
We take the company's cash operating earnings over the last twelve months (EBITDA — earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation and amortization) and multiply them by the range of EV/EBITDA multiples comparable companies currently trade at. That gives a value for the whole business (enterprise value); we then subtract net debt and anything owed ahead of common shareholders — minority interests in subsidiaries and preferred stock — and divide by shares outstanding to get a per-share range.
Why it fits this industry
EBITDA strips out financing and accounting choices, so two companies with different debt loads or depreciation schedules can be compared on the cash their operations actually generate.
Reading this bar
The bar is the per-share value range this method implies: a conservative low, a central estimate, and an optimistic high. If the current price sits below the bar, the market is pricing the shares below what this method's inputs suggest; if it sits above, the market is pricing them higher. No single bar is a verdict — methods disagree for good reasons, so read the whole field together. A company can also deserve a multiple above or below its peers — faster growth, stronger margins, or higher risk all justify honest gaps.

EV / EBITDA = (9.77/17.27/33.69)× ebitda 12,348,455,723.92 ≈ 120,600,225,211.65/213,294,383,083.61/416,066,728,321.98 (enterprise_value); enterprise_value -> per share: equity (120,480,375,211.65/213,174,533,083.61/415,946,878,321.98) / 1,228,504,232 shares [EV bridge: minus net debt -453,550,000.00, minus minority interest & preferred 573,400,000.00]

EV / Revenue: $151.16 to $310.54 (midpoint $176.47)

Values the whole business at a peer multiple of sales — used when earnings are thin, volatile, or not yet meaningful, so revenue is the most reliable yardstick.

How it’s calculated
We multiply the company's last-twelve-month revenue by the range of EV/Revenue multiples its peer group trades at, subtract net debt and any minority interests or preferred stock ranking ahead of common shareholders, and divide by shares outstanding for a per-share range.
Why it fits this industry
Software companies routinely reinvest every dollar into growth while margins mature, so recurring revenue is the sector's core yardstick of scale and value.
Reading this bar
The bar is the per-share value range this method implies: a conservative low, a central estimate, and an optimistic high. If the current price sits below the bar, the market is pricing the shares below what this method's inputs suggest; if it sits above, the market is pricing them higher. No single bar is a verdict — methods disagree for good reasons, so read the whole field together. A pound of revenue is worth more at a high margin than a low one, so the peer group here is narrowed to companies earning a similar margin wherever enough of them exist. Where too few do, the bar falls back to the wider group and is the bluntest of the multiples — weigh it alongside the earnings-based bars.

EV / Revenue = (4.47/5.22/9.18)× revenue 41,583,379,450.98 ≈ 185,821,679,476.34/216,910,343,287.71/381,623,364,842.14 (enterprise_value); enterprise_value -> per share: equity (185,701,829,476.34/216,790,493,287.71/381,503,514,842.14) / 1,228,504,232 shares [EV bridge: minus net debt -453,550,000.00, minus minority interest & preferred 573,400,000.00]

P / B: $283.72 to $913.09 (midpoint $520.29)

Values the stock at a peer multiple of its book (net asset) value — most meaningful for asset-heavy and financial companies whose balance sheet drives value.

How it’s calculated
We take book value per share (total assets minus total liabilities, from the latest balance sheet, divided by shares outstanding) and multiply it by the range of price-to-book multiples the peer group trades at.
Why it fits this industry
Where the balance sheet is the business — lenders, insurers, asset-heavy operators — the price the market pays for a dollar of net assets is a natural yardstick.
Reading this bar
The bar is the per-share value range this method implies: a conservative low, a central estimate, and an optimistic high. If the current price sits below the bar, the market is pricing the shares below what this method's inputs suggest; if it sits above, the market is pricing them higher. No single bar is a verdict — methods disagree for good reasons, so read the whole field together. Asset-light companies (brands, software) legitimately trade far above book value, so for them a P/B bar well below the price is usually structure, not signal.

P / B = (6.65/12.20/21.41)× book_value_per_share 42.64 ≈ 283.72/520.29/913.09 (per_share)

EV / Gross Profit: $336.98 to $1,009.88 (midpoint $582.32)

Values the business at a peer multiple of gross profit — useful where reported operating costs vary a lot across peers but gross economics are comparable.

How it’s calculated
We take last-twelve-month gross profit (revenue minus the direct cost of the goods or services sold), multiply it by the peer range of EV/Gross-Profit multiples, subtract net debt and any minority interests or preferred stock ranking ahead of common shareholders, and divide by shares outstanding.
Why it fits this industry
Gross profit sits between revenue and operating earnings: it credits the margin a company's products earn while ignoring overhead and investment choices that legitimately differ across peers.
Reading this bar
The bar is the per-share value range this method implies: a conservative low, a central estimate, and an optimistic high. If the current price sits below the bar, the market is pricing the shares below what this method's inputs suggest; if it sits above, the market is pricing them higher. No single bar is a verdict — methods disagree for good reasons, so read the whole field together.

EV / Gross Profit = (13.67/23.61/40.95)× gross_profit 30,299,367,842.35 ≈ 414,098,555,151.66/715,497,996,158.90/1,240,759,370,667.01 (enterprise_value); enterprise_value -> per share: equity (413,978,705,151.66/715,378,146,158.90/1,240,639,520,667.01) / 1,228,504,232 shares [EV bridge: minus net debt -453,550,000.00, minus minority interest & preferred 573,400,000.00]

1 method not shown